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April 1, 2025
Scoliosis, a sideways curvature of the spine, is a condition that can develop during childhood or adolescence. While the diagnosis of scoliosis may initially seem daunting, advances in medical understanding and treatment options have made it manageable.
This comprehensive guide aims to provide parents with insights into scoliosis, its symptoms, causes, and treatments, as well as practical advice on supporting your child.
Scoliosis is a spinal disorder in which the spine curves sideways, forming a “C” or “S” shape. The degree of curvature varies, with mild cases being the most common. Though scoliosis can develop at any age, it is frequently diagnosed in children and adolescents during growth spurts.
Understanding the various types of scoliosis in children is important for determining the appropriate management and treatment strategies. The primary types include those based on underlying cause, presentation, and age of onset.
Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type, with unknown causes. It can start in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common subtype, often developing during puberty. It typically appears as a painless spinal curve and can worsen with growth. Early detection is important to prevent complications.
Congenital scoliosis is a condition where the spine doesn’t develop correctly in the womb, causing defects in the vertebrae such as incomplete formation or fusion. It is typically found at birth or in early childhood and can worsen as the child grows. Congenital scoliosis is often connected to other birth defects like heart, kidney, or neurological issues.
Neuromuscular scoliosis develops as a secondary condition in children with underlying neurological or muscular disorders, such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida. These conditions weaken the muscles that support the spine, leading to imbalances and curvature. This type of scoliosis tends to progress rapidly and can result in more severe curves compared to other types.
Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) refers to scoliosis diagnosed in children younger than 10 years old, including both idiopathic and non-idiopathic types. It encompasses a range of causes, such as congenital, neuromuscular, or syndromic scoliosis. EOS poses unique challenges because the spine and lungs are still developing, and severe curves can impact lung function.
Scoliosis in children refers to an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. While the exact causes can vary, they generally fall into specific categories. Below are the detailed causes of scoliosis in children:
Idiopathic scoliosis, a common condition in children and adolescents, makes up 80% of cases. The cause is unknown but may be related to genetics, hormones, and spinal development. Family history and hormonal changes during puberty can increase the risk of developing scoliosis.
This form of spinal abnormality is caused by issues with the formation or segmentation of the vertebrae during foetal development. These abnormalities can be categorised as either a failure of formation, where vertebrae don’t fully form or a failure of segmentation, where vertebrae are fused. Risk factors for these abnormalities include maternal diabetes and infections during pregnancy.
This type of scoliosis is caused by neurological or muscular conditions that affect spinal stability and posture. Common causes include cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injuries, and spina bifida.
Certain genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 1 can cause spinal deformities and abnormalities due to issues with connective tissue, joint laxity, and tumours on nerve tissue.
Functional Scoliosis is a temporary and reversible condition characterised by a curvature of the spine. It is typically caused by factors such as unequal leg lengths, muscle spasms, and poor posture.
Spinal injuries or fractures can cause abnormal curvature in the spine due to instability or incorrect healing. Fractures can disrupt spinal alignment, especially in children as they grow. Surgical procedures on the spine can also sometimes result in curvature complications.
Abnormal growths located on or near the spine have the potential to compress and displace vertebrae, resulting in serious complications. One such condition, vertebral osteomyelitis, can cause significant damage to the bone and ultimately lead to spinal deformities.
Metabolic bone disorders, such as rickets or osteoporosis, have the potential to weaken the spine. Inflammatory conditions, characterised by chronic inflammation as seen in conditions such as juvenile arthritis, can also result in the development of scoliosis.
Scoliosis in children can present with a range of symptoms, varying in severity depending on the degree of spinal curvature. Below are the common symptoms of scoliosis in children:
Treatment for mild scoliosis in children depends on factors such as the degree of curvature, the child’s age, and the potential for progression. Mild scoliosis typically does not require invasive treatments, but regular monitoring and non-surgical interventions are often used to manage and prevent the condition from worsening. Here are common approaches:
The doctor will regularly monitor the child’s spine every 4-6 months to assess the progression of curvature. Periodic imaging may be utilised to measure the degree of curvature (Cobb angle) and monitor changes over time. If the child is still experiencing growth, there is an increased risk of progression, necessitating more frequent observation.
Personalised exercises that are designed to target and strengthen the core, back, and abdominal muscles to provide support for the spine. Therapy may also include Postural Training, which includes techniques to enhance posture and alignment. The Schroth Method is another treatment option that is a specialised physiotherapy program specifically tailored for scoliosis. This program incorporates breathing exercises, postural exercises, and muscle re-education to effectively address the unique needs of individuals with scoliosis.
For individuals with mild scoliosis, bracing is typically unnecessary. However, if the curvature of the spine is showing signs of worsening, a brace may be suggested. Bracing can be beneficial in slowing or halting the progression of the curve, especially during periods of rapid growth.
There are different types of braces available for scoliosis treatment, including the Boston Brace which covers the torso and can be worn discreetly under clothing. Nighttime braces are another option, designed to be worn while sleeping and tailored to specific curve patterns. The success of bracing relies heavily on consistent and proper usage as prescribed by a medical professional. It is important to follow the doctor’s instructions closely to maximise the effectiveness of the treatment.
Many parents choose chiropractic care as a way to enhance spinal function and alleviate muscle tension. It is important to note, however, that chiropractic care is not considered a primary treatment for scoliosis.
Engaging in gentle forms of exercise, such as yoga and Pilates, can significantly enhance flexibility, muscle strength, and posture. Certain poses within these practices have been shown to be particularly effective in managing mild scoliosis.
Promoting correct sitting and standing posture is essential for reducing strain on the spine. Additionally, excess weight can put undue pressure on the back, making it crucial to maintain a healthy weight for overall spinal health.
Pain is typically rare in cases of mild scoliosis, but if it does occur, there are several ways to manage it effectively. Over-the-counter pain relief options, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can provide relief. Additionally, heat or cold therapy can be used to reduce muscle tension and inflammation. These methods can help alleviate discomfort and improve overall comfort for individuals with mild scoliosis.
Massage therapy can effectively alleviate tension in the muscles of the back. On the other hand, acupuncture is a popular choice for families seeking pain relief or overall well-being.
In some cases, surgery might be recommended if the scoliosis continues to progress. The process may involve:
Scoliosis progression is closely linked to growth:
Early diagnosis and intervention are critical to managing progression effectively.
As a parent, you play a vital role in your child’s scoliosis journey. Here’s how you can help:
With early detection and appropriate treatment, most children with scoliosis lead active, healthy lives. Advances in medical technology, including 3D-printed braces and minimally invasive surgeries, continue to improve outcomes. Regular follow-ups and adherence to treatment plans are key to success.
Scoliosis in children can be a challenging journey, but with early diagnosis, effective treatments, and a supportive environment, children with scoliosis can lead full and active lives. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options-including bracing, physical therapy, and surgery-parents can take proactive steps to ensure their child’s well-being.
Remember, every child’s scoliosis journey is unique. Partner with healthcare professionals to create a personalised treatment plan, and most importantly, be a source of encouragement and strength for your child. Together, you can navigate the path to better spinal health and a brighter future.
Scoliosis in kids can range from mild to severe, with serious cases potentially affecting lung function and causing pain if left untreated.
Childhood scoliosis typically does not go away on its own and may require treatment to prevent progression.
Four symptoms of scoliosis include uneven shoulders, a tilted head, one hip higher than the other, and a curved or twisted spine.
Yes, with proper treatment and management, a child with scoliosis can live a normal, active life.
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