Women go through unique sets of physical, mental and emotional well-being largely influenced by biological factors and life stages. From reproductive health and pregnancy to menopause and ageing, the needs of women change over time, bringing with it different kinds of challenges.

Today, we will talk about one such health issue – vulvovaginitis. Vulvovaginitis is a common condition that affects women of all ages, resulting from the inflammation or infection of the vulva and vagina.

Let’s understand more about it.

What is Vulvovaginitis?

The inflammation of both the vagina and/or the vulva is known as vulvovaginitis or vaginitis. A female’s outer genital area is known as the vulva, consisting of labia, the opening of the vagina and urethra. While this is experienced by women of all ages, it is quite common in young women. The vagina and vulva of a young girl who has not gone through puberty can easily become irritated and infected.

In young girls, the vagina is closer to the anus, with the vulva lacking the protective labial tissue and pubic hair of an adult. Moreover, as children become more independent, they often lack the knowledge and skills to clean themselves properly, leading to poor hygiene.

Young girls suffering from vulvovaginitis suffer from itching, pain, soreness, redness and burning around the vagina. They may also experience pain during urinating or vaginal discharge.

Types of Vulvovaginitis

Vulvovaginitis can be of different types, the most common ones being:

• Bacterial vaginosis which results from the overgrowth of bacteria, is naturally found in the vagina. This excessive growth upsets the natural balance of the vagina.
• Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite. It is often sexually transmitted. Men can suffer from this parasitic infection as well. But usually, they have no symptoms.
• Yeast infections, which is usually caused by a naturally occurring fungus called Candida albicans.
• Non-infectious vaginitis, which is usually an allergic reaction from vaginal sprays, perfumed soaps, scented detergents, toilet paper or forgotten tampons, can irritate the vagina and vaginal tissues.
• Vaginal Atrophy, which can be caused by reduced oestrogen levels after menopause or surgical removal of your ovaries. These can lead to the thinning of the vaginal lining which can lead to vaginal dryness and irritation.

Treatment of the disease largely depends on the type of vulvovaginitis.

Vulvovaginitis Causes

As is evident from the types, vulvovaginitis can be caused due to several triggers. Some of the most common ones are:

Bacteria

The most common cause of vulvovaginitis is bacteria. Certain bacteria such as Gardnerella can multiply, leading to the disease. This overgrowth leads to bacterial vaginosis, the most common type of vulvovaginitis. The bacteria Streptococcus or Staphylococcus can also be present, but they usually do not lead to the infection. Bacterial vulvovaginitis can lead to a greyish-white discharge with a fishy odour.

Viruses

Viruses that lead to vulvovaginitis are usually sexually transmitted such as herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV).

Yeast

Another common cause of vulvovaginitis is a yeast known as Candida albicans. It can cause genital itching with a white, thick vaginal discharge that looks like cottage cheese. Yeast infections can be a result of taking antibiotics, as antibiotics can kill the antifungal bacteria that naturally live in the vagina.

Parasites

Vulvovaginitis can also be caused by parasites such as scabies, lice or pinworms. They can lead to inflammation.

Environmental Factors

Vulvovaginitis can be caused due to poor hygiene and allergens. It can be caused due to improper cleaning of the vagina or tight clothing that rubs against the skin, thus trapping moisture in the area. Irritated skin is susceptible to developing vulvovaginitis, irritation can also delay recovery.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections such as trichomonas vaginitis may cause vulvovaginitis. The infection causes itching, genital discomfort and heavy discharge which is green, yellow or grey and has a strong odour. Vaginitis can also be caused by gonorrhoea, chlamydia and herpes.

Chemicals

Vaginitis can also be caused by certain chemicals, often found in feminine sprays, perfume, soaps and vaginal contraceptives. These chemicals include sodium sulphate, parabens, triclosan, dioxane and others.If your laundry detergent or soap has any of these chemicals, it can be a good idea to switch to fragrance-free or hypoallergenic options to avoid a recurrence of the infection.

When Should You See a Doctor?

You should meet a healthcare provider if:

• You have an unpleasant vaginal discharge with odour.
• You feel itchy down there.
• You have never had a vaginal infection.
• You have had a vaginal infection before.
• You have a recent new partner or have had multiple sex partners.
• You have fever, chills and pelvic pain.
• Your symptoms persist even after completing an over-the-counter yeast medication.

It is not necessary to meet a healthcare provider every time you have a vaginal irritation or notice discharge. However, meet a doctor if you have previously had a diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection and signs and symptoms are similar.

Risks of Vulvovaginitis

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing vaginitis such as:

• Improper hygiene
• Hormonal changes such as while taking birth control pills, pregnancy or menopause
• Medication such as steroids or antibiotics
• Sexual activity
• A sexually transmitted infection
• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Using hygiene products such as vaginal deodorant, vaginal spray or bubble bath
• Wearing tight-fitting or damp clothing
• Using an intrauterine device for birth control

Diagnosis of Vaginitis

Once you meet your doctor, they may diagnose vaginitis through:

• Reviewing your medical history: Your doctor may ask you about any history of vaginal or sexually transmitted diseases.
• Performing a pelvic examination: Your doctor may conduct a pelvic examination, during which they might use an instrument known as a speculum to examine the vagina for discharge and inflammation.
• Collect a sample for lab testing: Your doctor may collect a sample of the vaginal or cervical discharge for testing the kind of vaginitis you have.
• Perform pH testing: Your doctor may test the pH level of your vagina by putting a pH paper or pH test stick on the wall of your vagina. Elevated pH may indicate either bacteria vaginosis or trichomoniasis. However, pH testing is not a reliable diagnostic test in itself.

Treatment of Vulvovaginitis

The treatment of vaginitis depends on the type of infection and what’s causing the problem. Some types of vaginitis can be treated on your own. But it is better to talk to the doctor before you start anything.

Home Remedies

If you have had a yeast infection in the past, you will probably know how to take care of it. Certain over-the-counter products from the pharmacy can be helpful such as:

• Topical ointments
• Vaginal creams
• Suppositories
• Oral pills

You can talk to a pharmacist to know about the best product suitable for your symptoms and how to apply them. Some of the home products that can be helpful are coconut oil with garlic and tea tree oil with a little bit of vinegar or sea salt. Ensure to dry the affected area completely every time you take a bath. Consult your doctor if the discharge or inflammation does not improve after a week of home treatment.

Prescribed Medications

Once your doctor identifies the type of organism causing your vaginitis, they will prescribe medication such as:

• Antibiotic creams
• Antibacterial creams
• Antifungal creams – All of these have to be applied directly to the skin.
• Oral antibiotics
• Oral antifungal pills
• Oral antihistamines, if vaginitis is caused by an allergic reaction
• Oestrogen creams

Your healthcare provider may also recommend a personal hygiene routine to treat the infection and prevent its recurrence. Properly cleaning the affected area may also prevent irritation and recurrence, especially if the disease is caused by bacteria. They may also ask you to wear cotton underwear and loose clothing to allow air circulation and reduce moisture in the affected area. Not wearing underwear at bedtime can also prevent vaginitis.

Avoid taking bubble baths and using perfumed personal use products. Opt for sensitive products instead to obtain relief from symptoms. A cold compress can also relieve swelling and help with the pain.

Sexual Health

Sexual health plays a pivotal role in avoiding vulvovaginitis. Anybody having the disease should avoid having intercourse till the disease is completely cured.

Some Good Habits To Avoid the Disease

Let’s look at some good habits that you can follow to avoid the disease or at least a recurrence:

Long-Term Outlook for Vulvovaginitis

In general, Vulvovaginitis is treatable, with marked changes noticeable within a week of starting treatment or remedies. However, if you don’t notice any improvement within one week, talk to your doctor. They may suggest an alternative treatment which can be more effective.

While bacterial vulvovaginitis and yeast infections are not considered sexually transmitted infections, there’s some evidence that both these vaginitis can be sexually transmitted. If you have a virus or sexually transmitted infection, you should wait until you and your partners are completely free of symptoms and have completed treatment before resuming sex.

If vulvovaginitis is caused by yeast, the infection may recur. However, yeast-induced vaginitis can be treated through over-the-counter products.

A Final Word

Vulvovaginitis is a common condition that can affect women of all ages, resulting from various causes such as infections, irritants, or hormonal changes. Understanding the symptoms and identifying the underlying cause is essential for effective treatment and prevention.

With proper diagnosis and care, most cases can be managed successfully through medical treatments, lifestyle changes, and preventive measures. By raising awareness of vulvovaginitis and promoting open communication with healthcare providers, women can take proactive steps to maintain their reproductive health and prevent recurrent issues.

Sources:

• https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis
• https://www.healthline.com/health/vulvovaginitis
• https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/vulvovaginitis
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginitis/symptoms-causes
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginitis/diagnosis-treatment